《G20国家的能源转型 - 能源数据透明度和市场数字化》报告.pdf

Energy Transitions in G20 countries Energy data transparency and market digitalization Ministerio de EnergíaIEA member countriesAustraliaAustria BelgiumCanada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA. © OECD/IEA, 2018 International Energy Agency Website www.iea.org Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/t n E c onom i c D e v e l op m e n t Supporting free markets to foster economic growth and eliminate energy poverty; n Environmental Awareness Analysing policy options to offset the impact of energy production and use on the environment, especially for tackling climate change and air pollution; and n E n g a g e me n t W o r ld w i d e Working closely with association and partner countries, especially major emerging economies, to find solutions to shared energy and environmental concerns. Together Secure Sustainable Page | 3 Table of contents Table of contents 3 cutive Summary . 4 1. Overview . 7 2. Challenges . 8 2.1. Energy data coverage . 8 2.2. Energy data governance . 9 2.3. Adapting to changing data needs 10 2.3.1. End-use data and energy efficiency . 10 2.3.2. Off-grid electricity 11 2.3.3. Tracking the energy transition in real time . 12 3. Opportunities . 12 3.1. Energy data transparency . 12 3.1.1. Open data 12 3.1.2. JODI case study . 13 3.2. Digitalisation . 14 4. Co-operation 17 5. Training and capacity building . 18 6. Conclusions . 19 References . 21 List of figures Figure 1. Energy statistics training events in collaboration with international energy organisations and initiatives, 2015-18 . 19 List of boxes Box 1. The United Kingdom’s National Energy Efficiency Data-framework NEED . 16 Page | 4 Preface This report was produced by the International Energy Agency IEA at the request of Argentina’s G20 Presidency 2018, as a key for the activities of the Energy Transitions Working Group ETWG. The G20 Group of the Twenty was created in 2008, in response to a severe international financial crisis, and its members currently account for 85 of the global economy, 75 of world trade and two-thirds of the global population. Argentina took over the G20 Presidency on 1 December 2017, and its term ends on 30 November 2018. The motto of Argentina’s G20 Presidency is “Building consensus for fair and sustainable development”, and focuses on three key themes the future of work, infrastructure for development, and sustainable food future. For an overview of Argentina’s G20 Presidency vision and priorities, see https//g20.argentina.gob.ar/en/overview-argentinas-g20-presidency-2018. Within this framework, Argentina defined eight priority areas for G20 collaboration under its Presidency, one of which is “Energy transitions towards cleaner, more flexible and transparent systems”. Under this motto, the ETWG developed most of its activities between December 2017 and June 2018, resulting in collective energy policy recommendations contained in the Bariloche Energy Ministers’ Communiqué see https//g20.org/sites/default/files/media/energy_communique.pdf. Additionally, Argentina prepared five substantive technical documents, with the invaluable support of several international organisations. The present report is one of these outputs and should be considered an “Argentine Presidency deliverable”, given that its contents were discussed and enriched by the ETWG but not ted to al approval by the Energy Ministers, for which reason it does not necessarily reflect the G20 membership’s national or collective views. Page | 5 cutive Summary 1All countries face unique challenges and decisions as they embark on their clean energy transitions. In developing new policies, countries will need to decide which sources of energy they wish to utilise and how energy can be consumed in the most efficient way. Making these decisions can be challenging, but having comprehensive, comparable and timely energy data will significantly help countries access policy options. The transition to clean energy will require good polices as well as business and consumer involvement, and data insufficiency could lead to unfavourable policy choices. It is vital that high-quality energy data be available to all stakeholders comprehensive and easily accessible energy data not only bolsters transparency and tracking, it enables businesses to invest wisely, make the correct decisions and innovate. Market transparency, which is not only about effective market operations, enables markets and consumers to make decisions in an ined manner. An increasingly important aspect of transparency involves the way in which data and ination being made available through digitalisation may be used, because such data have the potential to trans our understanding of energy markets. Governments embarking on clean energy transitions must also focus on data enhancing the data they have; making that data open and transparent; and delivering the benefits of digital access to data while protecting confidentiality. Timely, reliable and comprehensive energy data have always been necessary for effective decision making, whether by governments, businesses or consumers. As countries of the Group of Twenty G20 and beyond face the challenges of achieving cleaner, more flexible and transparent energy systems, the need for open, transparent and consistent data is greater than ever to help governments and other stakeholders track progress towards energy transition goals, to enable evidence-based energy policy decisions, and to provide accountability and transparency on a nation’s energy supply and its use and transition. Many countries look to G20 members for leadership, and this is especially important in the area of energy data. Ensuring the comprehensiveness of energy data will not only lead to better decisions but will show all countries what is needed to promote progress in clean energy transitions globally. G20 members can support for this by openly sharing not only their data but their ologies and by working with the IEA and other agencies to build tools that all countries can use. They can also help by supporting the capacity- building efforts of all international organisations. Resources are essential to establish and maintain a national energy statistics system. Effective resource allocation will depend on how energy data are prioritised in relation to other statistical areas; how synergies can be exploited between energy and other policy 1This document has been produced by the International Energy Agency IEA, at the request - and under the close guidance - of Argentina´s G20 Presidency 2018. Its contents have been discussed and enriched by the representatives of the G20 membership, but do not necessarily reflect their national or collective views. Page | 6 areas; what priority is given to the monitoring component within the policy ulation process; and how resources are allocated across areas within the energy domain. Given the importance of energy transitions and the increasing complexity of energy systems, successful policies can only be forged based on high-quality data. The opportunities provided by digital data, such as those described in this paper, can only be realised if data are publicly available. What must be considered, however, is how to securely store anonymised data data from smart meters, detailed grid operation data, etc. in one place, accessible for research purposes. Policy guidelines and industry codes should make this data access possible by providing guidance on creating mechanisms and controls that will facilitate all parties to share the evolving digital data. Privacy must be guaranteed, however, to ensure that open data and the use of consumer data are publicly accepted. Page | 7 1. Overview All countries face unique challenges and decisions as they embark on their clean energy transitions. In developing new policies, countries will need to decide which sources of energy they wish to utilise and how energy can be consumed in the most efficient way. Making these decisions can be challenging, but having comprehensive, comparable and timely energy data will significantly help countries access policy options. The transition to clean energy will require good polices as well as business and consumer involvement, and data insufficiency could lead to unfavourable policy choices. It is vital that high-quality energy data be available to all stakeholders comprehensive and easily accessible energy data not only bolsters transparency and tracking, it enables businesses to invest wisely, make the correct decisions and innovate. Market transparency, which is not only about effective market operations, enables markets and consumers to make decisions in an ined manner. An increasingly important aspect of transparency involves the way in which data and ination being made available through digitalisation may be used, because such data have the potential to trans our understanding of energy markets. Governments embarking on clean energy transitions must also focus on data enhancing the data they have; making that data open and transparent; and delivering the benefits of digital access to data while protecting confidentiality. Timely, reliable and comprehensive energy data have always been necessary for effective decision making, whether by governments, businesses or consumers. As countries of the Group of Twenty G20 and beyond face the challenges of achieving cleaner, more flexible and transparent energy systems, the need for open, transparent and consistent data is greater than ever to help governments and other stakeholders track progress towards energy transition goals, to enable evidence-based energy policy decisions, and to provide accountability and transparency on a nation’s energy supply and its use and transition. The importance of robust national energy data systems is reflected in the major international initiatives and resources deployed to promote more consistent, high-quality and comparable energy data and statistics across countries. Key examples are the United Nations’ UN International Recommendations for Energy Statistics IRES, the Joint Organisations Data Initiative JODI, the International Energy Agency’s IEA Energy Statistics and Energy Efficiency Indicators Manuals, and UN work to develop indicators for its Sustainable Development Goals SDGs. To be of use to decision makers, energy data must be comprehensive – i.e. covering all aspects of energy supply and demand. It also has to be timely and of high quality so that results drawn from analysis may be accepted with confidence. Credible modelling, progress tracking and reporting all rely on accurate data that reflect the most recent state of an energy system. National energy statistics are generally derived through a number of data collection and compilation practices, mainly surveys of energy providers, households, businesses, etc. and the use of administrative data e.g. data collected for non-statistical purposes but with statistical value, such as a policy supporting solar photovoltaic [PV] installation, with Page | 8 the associated challenges of definitions and data sharing. While the comprehensiveness and level of detail of national energy data vary by country, historically the general principle is that as energy system complexity increases, so do institutional capacity and national data system costs. Likewise, given the time lag inherent in the process of collecting, processing, validating and disseminating data, higher collection and reporting frequency also adds complexity and cost to a national energy data system. The effective functioning of national energy statistics systems depends on a sound data governance model for statistics overall i.e. a legal framework with statistical acts, mandatory reporting requirements, data-sharing across ministries, etc.. Standardised statistical ologies, transparent dissemination of data and protection of confidentiality, together with the professional independence of statistical agencies and the scientific competence and impartiality of their staff, are all needed for businesses and the wider public to consider official statistics trustworthy. The type of institutional arrangements and energy statistics system in place will also affect the flexibility to react to and provide data for changing policy priorities, and to adopt innovative technologies as they become available. Energy data transparency is a strong driver in global energy and commodity markets. While progress is being made by companies in providing market-relevant data, the quality and scope have to adapt to the evolving needs of consumers and policy makers over time. Energy market transparency is one of the G20 Principles on Energy Collaboration. Work was carried out in 2015 by the IEA, the International Energy Forum IEF and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC on oil price ation and price-reporting agencies. Under JODI, the eight international JODI partner organisations the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC, Eurostat, the Gas Exporting Countries Forum GECF, the IEA, the IEF, the Latin-American Energy Organization OLADE, OPEC and the UN Statistics Division UNSD have undertaken numerous actions to increase oil and gas data transparency, and are committed to further enhance the transparency of global energy data. 2. Challenges 2.1. Energy data coverage G20 countries generally lead the way in having the most robust and comprehensive energy data. However, each country’s data can vary considerably in 1 geographical coverage national, regional and local; 2 temporal coverage monthly, annual and multi- annual; 3 sectoral coverage energy supply, transation and demand by end-use sector; 4 reporting level e.g. by fuel type, fuel sub-type, end use and technology; 5 political focus; and 6 coverage of various other energy system indicators. A comprehensive national energy data system will often include Page | 9 Energy balances, which typically cover the production, import and export of primary energy sources; their transation into fuels for final consumption; and final consumption by various high-level demand sectors, including the residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural and transport sectors. Energy efficiency data and indicators that express the relationship between end-use consumption and the various physical and economic activities in a country that drive consumption within each major demand sector. Energy-related environmental emissio