北京市替代燃料车发展战略研究.pdf
1 i 1.1 . 2 1.1.1 . 2 1.1.2 . 3 1.2 . 3 1.2.1 . 5 1.2.2 . 10 1.3 . 13 2.1 19 2.2 21 2.3 23 2.3.1 . 23 2.3.2 . 28 2.4 34 2.4.1 . 34 2.4.2 . 43 2.5 50 2.5.1 . 50 2.5.2 . 54 ii 2.6 60 3.1 64 3.2 68 3.2.1 . 69 3.2.2 LPG . 73 3.2.3 LPG . 75 3.3 76 3.3.1 MOBILE5 . 77 3.3.2 PART5 79 3.3.3 2000 . 80 3.3.4 2000 . 83 3.4 83 3.4.1 20 . 83 3.4.2 . 88 3.4.3 BAU . 89 3.5 92 3.5.1 . 92 3.5.2 2008 96 3.5.3 2008 103 3.6 105 3.6.1 . 105 iii 3.6.2 OEM 106 4.1 111 4.1.1 . 111 4.1.2 . 113 4.2 2008 114 4.2.1 . 114 4.2.2 . 115 4.2.3 . 116 4.2.3 . 118 4.3 119 5.1 122 5.1.1 . 122 5.1.2 . 125 5.2 2008 . 126 5.3 2020 128 5.3.1 BAU . 128 5.3.2 . 131 5.4 132 5.4.1 ” . 132 5.4.2 . 134 iv 6.1 137 6.1.1 2008 137 6.1.2 2008 138 6.1.3 2020 140 6.1.4 . 140 6.2 141 6.3 2008 . 144 6.3.1 CALINE4 145 6.3.2 CALINE4 148 6.3.3 . 149 7.1 155 7.2 158 1 EPACT Alternative Fuel 2008 2020 3 EEVs 2 AFV 1.1 1.1.1 3 4 2025 2/3 1950 5000 1000 1995 6.5 1000 100 2010 8 1950 CO HC NOx 3 PM PM 10 1.1.2 16.4 2003 7 200 NOx CO 1995 NOx CO 40.2 76.8 O 3 1997 1999 PM 2.5 NOx CO NOx HC PM 2.5 1.2 4 1992 Energy Policy Act, EPACT Alternative Fuel 1-1 1-1 AFDC website LPG CNG 85-88 84-87 37.5 52.2 82 75 12-15 13-16 12.6 13.1 18 25 0 0 49.9 34.7 MJ/l15.6 32.1 35.8 15.8 21.2 23.6 5.5 a MJ/l 34.8 38.7 17.9 23.4 25.4 15.6 0.72-0.78 0.81-0.89 0.796 0.796 0.508 0.424 27-225 188-343 65 78 -42 -162 RM/2 86-94 100 100 104 14.7 14.6 6.45 9.0 15.7 17.2 RVPpsi 8-15 0.2 4.6 2.3 208 2400 a. 163 2400 psi CNG PAFC MCFC SOFC / SPFC/PEMFC 5 1.2.1 Dedicated vehicle / Bi-fuel vehicle Dual-fuel vehicle 90 1.7 5 20 50 G. Luigi Cola et al. 2000 120 0.18 ppm 200 CNG 1/625 LNG CNG LNG LPG 441 o C 550 o C 427 o C 103 105 LPG LPG Eva Liu et al. 1997 LPG 6 LPG CNG LPG CNG LPG 5 / 1 1 OEM 3 1999 DOE NREL 1999 2000 Honda Civic Ford F250 Dodge B2500 CNG GM Sierra / EPA FTP CNG ULEV ULEV LEV Ford CNG NMHC 97 CO 63 NOx 81 99 CO 2 17 Honda CNG NMHC 96 CO 90 NOx 69 97 7 CO 2 26 GM CNG NMHC NOx CNG CO CO 2 NREL 1999 2000 1-1 LPG 1970 1980 LPG LPG 1988 LPG LPG LPG 1995 LPG CO LPG NOx a. NOx g/km b. CO g/km 1 1 LPG NOxNMHC CO 1 5 22 2 0 85 FFV 20 3 8 NREL 1999 Dodge Caravan Ford Taurus
