2 - ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RD Czech Republic, for which the most recent data is 2016 RD and Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg and Portugal for which no recent data are available. Data for USA, between the years 2016-2018, have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat. When regionally aggregated, missing data have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RD Czech Republic based on 2016 data. No recent data were available for Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg and Portugal. Data for USA have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat. Source IEA. All rights reserved. The ratio of overall public energy RD Czech Republic for which it is based on 2016 data. No recent data were available for Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg and Portugal. Data for USA have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat. Source IEA. All rights reserved. Figure 4 Total public energy RDD budgets per thousand units of GDP by country for 2017* * Based on 2017 data, except for Czech Republic 2016 data. No recent data were available for Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg and Portugal. Data for USA have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat. Source IEA. All rights reserved. 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000New ZealandSlovak RepublicHungaryEstoniaCzech RepublicDenmarkSpainSwedenAustraliaAustriaTurkeyNetherlandsBelgiumFinlandPolandNorwaySwitzerlandMexicoItalyKoreaCanadaUnited KingdomGermanyFranceEuropean UnionJapanUnited States0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1Slovak RepublicNew ZealandSpainTurkeyCzech RepublicAustraliaMexicoPolandNetherlandsItalyDenmarkGermanyUnited KingdomUnited StatesSwedenBelgiumKoreaCanadaAustriaFranceJapanHungarySwitzerlandFinlandEstoniaNorway6 - ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RDD BUDGETS OVERVIEW 2019 first edition www.iea.org/statistics IEA. All rights reserved. Part II. Public energy RDD trends across technologies in IEA Countries Over the last 40 years, investment from IEA member countries in energy RDD has become progressively more diverse Figure 5. Nuclear power, dominant in 1974 with 75 of total public energy RDD budget, witnessed year-to-year reductions to 22 in 2018, comparable to the shares for energy efficiency 21, renewables 16 and cross-cutting RDD 22. RDD budgets on fossil fuels, which were at their highest in the 1980s and early 1990s, have declined since 2013 15 to 9 in 2018. RDD budgets for both energy efficiency and renewables grew significantly during the 1990s and 2000s, rising from 7 each in 1990 to 23 and 21 respectively in 2010. However, since then the share of expenditures on energy efficiency 21 has remained almost constant, whilst the share of renewables declined to 16. On the other hand, cross-cutting RDD grew in the first decade of the 21stcentury. RDD budgets for hydrogen and fuel cells kept their share at 3 since 2012. Figure 5 Evolution of IEA total public energy RDD by technology Source IEA. All rights reserved. 0204060801001974 1980 1990 2000 2010 2018NuclearOther power and storageHydrogen and fuel cellsFossil fuelsCross-cuttingRenewable energysourcesEnergy efficiencyENERGY TECHNOLOGY RDD BUDGETS OVERVIEW 2019 first edition - 7 www.iea.org/statistics IEA. All rights reserved. In 2018, Japan remained the country with the largest RDD budget for nuclear USD 1144 million in PPP, hydrogen and fuel cells USD 169 million in PPP and other power and storage USD 189 million in PPP Figure 6. For the remaining technologies, the United States has the highest RDD budget. For the United States, almost half of the 2018 energy RDD budget was allocated to cross-cutting energy technologies2and cannot be broken down further. The energy RDD budget increased in 2018 for all types of technology except for “other power and storage technologies”, which decreased by 9. The increase was 11 for cross-cutting technologies, 8 for hydrogen and fuel cells, 7 for fossil fuels, 5 for both energy efficiency and nuclear and 1 for renewables. Figure 6 2017 and 2018 budgets by technology in selected IEA countries and the European Union* * Data for Mexico are included in this graph within Other IEA. European Union refers to the European Union budget under Horizon 2020, and not to the sum of national budgets of European Union member countries. Data for USA have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat. Source IEA. All rights reserved. 2. The main components of the amount reported under cross-cutting energy technologies corresponds to what the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, reports under its Basic Energy Sciences program and selected items of its Biological Environmental Research program. Data for USA have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat. 01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0002017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018USD2018,PPPmillionUnallocatedCross-cuttingOther power and storageHydrogen and fuel cellsNuclearRenewable energysourcesFossil fuelsEnergy efficiencyUSA Germany Other IEAestimatedEuropeanUnionJapan8 - ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RDD BUDGETS OVERVIEW 2019 first edition www.iea.org/statistics IEA. All rights reserved. Part III. Public low-carbon energy RDD trends in IEA Countries RDD spending in low-carbon3energy technologies in IEA member countries saw a significant increase in 2018 to reach USD 17.8 billion 2018 prices and PPP representing 94 of total RDD budgets Figure 7. As total energy RDD spending, after four years of decreases since 2012, low-carbon energy technologies in IEA member countries increased in 2017 by 3 and again in 2018 by 5 faster than total spending. Spending for non-low-carbon4energy technologies kept its low levels in 2018, just above USD 1 billion and comparable to 2017. Figure 7 Evolution of public low-carbon energy RDD budget in IEA member countries Source IEA. All rights reserved. The most of IEA member countries reflected these trends and increased their investments in low-carbon RDD in 2018 Figure 8. In the United States, low-carbon energy RDD budgets were estimated to grow by 9 with an additional USD 581 million. The second largest increase was in Canada, where low-carbon energy RDD budgets grew by 34, amounting to USD 181 million. For Japan, the growth rate was 5, for an amount of USD 126 million. 3. In the current IEA categorization of RDD energy technologies, low-carbon energy technologies are defined as energy efficiency, carbon capture and storage, renewable energy sources, nuclear, hydrogen and fuel cells, other power and storage, and other cross-cutting technologies and research. 4. In the current IEA categorization of RDD energy technologies, non-low-carbon energy technologies represent coal, gas, oil and other fossil fuel RDD. However, CCS is included in low-carbon. 05 00010 00015 00020 00025 000USD2018,PPPmillionLow-carbon Non-low-carbonENERGY TECHNOLOGY RDD BUDGETS OVERVIEW 2019 first edition - 9 www.iea.org/statistics IEA. All rights reserved. Figure 8 Variations in public low-carbon energy RDD budgets for selected IEA countries between 2017 and 2018* * In this graph, Poland, Finland and Austria data refers to growth between 2016 and 2017. Data for USA, between the years 2016-2018, have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat. Source IEA. All rights reserved. 05101520253035400100200300400500600700USA Canada Japan UK Poland Finland Italy Denmark Australia KoreaUSD2018,PPPmillionLow-carbon absolute growth million USD Low-carbon growth 10 - ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RDD BUDGETS OVERVIEW 2019 first edition www.iea.org/statistics IEA. All rights reserved. Part IV. Global energy RDD trends The IEA’s World Energy Investment 20195and Tracking Clean Energy Progress6publications complement the collection and dissemination of the IEA member country RDD budget data by assembling available ination on non-IEA government energy RDD spending and private sector energy RD spending trends7. In 2018, the estimated total public energy RDD budget for the world reached USD 28 billion in 2018 USD Figure 9. After two years of decreases until 2016, the budget increased in 2017 and 2018, mostly due to higher budgets allocated in 2018 by China and IEA Americas. Figure 9 Global public energy RDD budget* * Includes the data for Mexico. Source IEA. All rights reserved. Under Mission Innovation MI, fifteen IEA member countries and the European Union, as well as key emerging economies such as Brazil, China, India, and Indonesia, pledged in 2015 to seek to double public clean energy RD spending over five years. While there are differences between IEA and MI classifications and countries, IEA data show that , after two years of decline to 2016, estimated global public low-carbon energy RDD spending rose in 2017 and 2018, reaching USD 23 billion in 2018 Figure 10. This was mostly due to higher budgets allocated in 2018 by IEA Americas and China. 5. https//www.iea.org/media/publications/wei/WEI2019-ology-Annex.pdf 6. https//www.iea.org/tcep 7. In this part, figures are not presented in PPP terms. 0510152025302014 2015 2016 2017 2018USD2018billionChinaRest of WorldEuropean UnionIEA Asia OceaniaIEA EuropeIEA AmericasENERGY TECHNOLOGY RDD BUDGETS OVERVIEW 2019 first edition - 11 www.iea.org/statistics IEA. All rights reserved. Figure 10 Global public low-carbon energy RDD budget* * Includes the data for Mexico. Source IEA. All rights reserved. Published data by corporations on their RD budgets show them to be the largest single source of funding for energy RD, despite lower spending in recent years. The sample of listed companies active in energy technology sectors for which 2018 data is currently available increased their annual energy RD spending, by around 4 including automakers Figure 11. The total energy RD spending of this sample reached nearly USD 94 billion in 2018. Excluding transport, two-thirds of the total corporate energy RD was in low-carbon sectors. Corporate RD spending by companies in the oil and gas and other fossil fuel extraction sectors showed 1 growth in real terms in 2018, the first increase in RD spending in this sector since 2014. Spending remains 45 below 2014 levels, however, and is not rising significantly as a share of revenue. While the rebound of oil and gas company RD budgets is sluggish, that of electricity generation and supply companies continues to rise. Siemens and General Electric occupied the top spots in the list of the highest global energy RD spenders, with Petrochina dropping out of the top three for the first time in a decade. Four of the top ten are Chinese companies, and five are in the electricity sector. 05101520252014 2015 2016 2017 2018USD2018billionChinaRest of WorldEuropean UnionIEA Asia OceaniaIEA EuropeIEA Americas12 - ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RDD BUDGETS OVERVIEW 2019 first edition www.iea.org/statistics IEA. All rights reserved. Figure 11 Global corporate RD spending in energy-related sectors Notes Classifications are based on Bloomberg Industry Classification System. All publicly reported RD is included, though companies domiciled in countries that do not require disclosure of RD spending are under-represented. To allocate RD spending for companies active in multiple sectors, interviews with company decision-makers and, in the absence of other data sources, the shares of revenue per sector were used. “Other” comprises CCUS, electricity storage, insulation, lighting, other fossil fuels and smart energy systems. Source IEA. All rights reserved. Automakers – who typically have much higher RD budgets than energy companies in absolute terms and as a share of revenue – continue to increase their RD spending as government policies and competitive pressures drive higher spending on energy efficiency and electric vehicles. Automakers’ were the biggest contributors to the growth in corporate energy RD spending technologies in 2018. This trend is notable among major European and US car and auto parts companies, whose RD spending rose by around 7 on average in 2018, compared to 4 for Japanese and Korean firms. However, the increasingly global presence of Chinese automakers is reflected in their RD spending, which rose more than 20 on average. Unlike public RD, many of the major companies active across the energy system devote no more than one-tenth to one-third of their total RD budgets to new technologies, with the bulk of spending going to incremental improvements of existing technologies and product development. 0204060801001202012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018EUSD2018billion OtherOil and gasThermal power andcombustion equipmentNuclearElectricity generation andnetworksRenewablesAutomotiveOverall responsibility Roberta Quadrelli Statistics Yasemin Aslan Rmi Gigoux Domenico Lattanzio Contacts Energy Data Centre RDD statistics 9, rue de la Fdration 75739 Paris Cedex Tel 33 0 1 40 57 66 26 rddiea.org Media enquiries Tel 33 0 1 40 57 65 54 ieapressoficeiea.org