ISSN 1977-8449European Union emission inventory report 1990-2016 under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution LRTAPEEA Report No 6/2018European Union emission inventory report 1990-2016 under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution LRTAPEEA Report No 6/2018Legal noticeThe contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the European Commission or other institutions of the European Union. Neither the European Environment Agency nor any person or company acting on behalf of the Agency is responsible for the use that may be made of the ination contained in this report. Copyright notice European Environment Agency, 2018Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.More ination on the European Union is available on the Internet http//europa.eu.Luxembourg Publications Office of the European Union, 2018ISBN 978-92-9213-950-6ISSN 1977-8449doi10.2800/ 571876European Environment AgencyKongens Nytorv 61050 Copenhagen KDenmarkTel. 45 33 36 71 00Web eea.europa.euEnquiries eea.europa.eu/enquiriesCover design EEACover photo Carbon Visuals Layout EEA/Rosendahls3ContentsEuropean Union emission inventory report 1990-2016ContentsContents . 3Units, abbreviations and acronyms . 5Acknowledgements 11cutive summary 121 Introduction . 221.1 Background 231.2 Institutional arrangements 241.3 Inventory preparation process 251.4 s and data sources 261.5 Key category analyses .311.6 Quality assurance, quality control and verification s 331.7 General uncertainty uation .351.8 Completeness and underestimations 352 Adjustments under the Gothenburg Protocol . 393 Trends and key categories of EU pollutant emissions 413.1 Total EU emission trends and progress towards the GothenburgProtocol 2010 emission ceilings.413.2 Progress of non-EU countries in meeting 2010 emission ceilings under theGothenburg Protocol to the UNECE LRTAP Convention473.3 Nitrogen oxide NOx emission trends and key categories 483.5 Sulphur oxide SOx emission trends and key categories .533.6 Ammonia NH3 emission trends and key categories .553.7 Fine particulate matter PM2.5 emission trends and key categories .583.8 Particulate matter PM10 emission trends and key categories .613.9 Total suspended particulate TSP emission trends 633.10 Black carbon BC emission trends633.11 Carbon monoxide CO emission trends and key categories 663.12 Lead Pb emission trends and key categories 683.13 Cadmium Cd emission trends and key categories713.14 Mercury Hg emission trends and key categories 733.15 Arsenic As emission trends 75Contents4 European Union emission inventory report 1990-20163.16 Chromium Cr emission trends 763.17 Copper Cu emission trends .773.18 Nickel Ni emission trends 783.19 Selenium Se emission trends 793.20 Zinc Zn emission trends .813.21 Dioxin and furan PCDD/Fs emission trends and key categories .823.22 Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PAH emission trends and key categories 853.23 Benzoapyrene BaP emission trends and key categories .883.24 Benzobfluoranthene BbF emission trends 903.25 Benzokfluoranthene BkF emission trends 913.26 Indeno1,2,3-cdpyrene IP emission trends .913.27 Hexachlorobenzene HCB emission trends and key categories .943.28 Polychlorinated biphenyl PCB emission trends and key categories .974 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for key pollutants . 1004.2 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for energy use in industry .1034.3 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for industrial processes and product use1054.4 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for commercial, institutional and households 1094.5 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for road transport .1124.6 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for non-road transport .1164.7 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for agriculture 1174.8 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for waste 1195 Recalculations, and implemented or planned improvements 1225.1 Recalculations 1225.2 Member States emission changes due to review improvements 1285.3 Planned improvements at EU level .1285.4 Implemented improvements .129References . 135Appendix 1 Notation keys 138Appendix 2 LRTAP Convention emission-reporting programme for 2018139Appendix 3 Status of reporting and timeliness . 141Appendix 4 Conversion chart for aggregated sector groups . 1455Units, abbreviations and acronymsEuropean Union emission inventory report 1990-2016Units, abbreviations and acronymsAs ArsenicBaP BenzoapyreneBbF BenzobfluorantheneBC Black carbonBkF BenzokfluorantheneCd CadmiumCDR Central Data RepositoryCEIP Centre on Emission Inventories and ProjectionsCH4MethaneLRTAP Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution; UNECE Convention on LRTAPCO Carbon monoxideCO2Carbon dioxideCOPERT COmputer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road TransportCr ChromiumCu CopperDG Directorate-GeneralEC European CommissionEEA European Environment AgencyEEA-5 Non-EU EEA member countries Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and TurkeyEionet European Environment Ination and Observation NetworkEMEP European Monitoring and uation Programme cooperative programme for monitoring and uation of the long-range transmissions of air pollutants in EuropeEPER European Pollutant Emission RegisterE-PRTR European Pollutant Release and Transfer RegisterERT Expert review teamUnits, abbreviations and acronyms6 European Union emission inventory report 1990-2016ETC/ACM European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation of the EEAETS Emissions Trading SchemeEU European UnionFGD Flue gas desulphurisationGg 1 gigagram 109g 1 kilotonne ktGHG Greenhouse gasGNFR Gridding nomenclature for reporting/UNECE nomenclature for reporting of air pollutantsHCB HexachlorobenzeneHCE HexachloroethaneHFC HydrofluorocarbonHg MercuryHM Heavy metalIIR Inative inventory reportIP Indeno1,2,3-cdpyreneI-Teq International toxic equivalentKCA Key category analysiskg 1 kilogram 103g gramLPS Large point sourceLRTAP Long-range Transboundary Air PollutionLTO Landing/take-offMg 1 megagram 106g 1 tonne tMMR Monitoring Mechanism RegulationMSW Municipal solid wasteN2O Nitrous oxiden/a Not availableNEC Directive EU National Emission Ceilings Directive EU 2016/2284NFR Nomenclature for reporting/UNECE nomenclature for reporting of air pollutantsNFR14 Current at for reporting of air pollutants Nomenclature for reportingNH3AmmoniaUnits, abbreviations and acronyms7European Union emission inventory report 1990-2016Ni NickelNMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compoundNO2Nitrogen dioxideNOxNitrogen oxidesO3OzonePAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonPb LeadPCB Polychlorinated biphenylPCDD/F Polychlorinated dibenzodioxin/dibenzofuranPFC PerfluorocarbonPM Particulate matterPM2.5Fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 m or lessPM10Particulate matter with a diameter of 10 m or lessPOP Persistent organic pollutantQA Quality assuranceQC Quality controlSCR Selective catalytic reductionSe SeleniumSNCR Selective non-catalytic reductionSO2Sulphur dioxideSOxSulphur oxidest 1 tonne metric 1 megagram Mg 106gTERT Technical Expert Review TeamTFEIP Task Force on Emission Inventories and ProjectionsTSP Total suspended particulateUNECE United Nations Economic Commission for EuropeUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeVOC Volatile organic compoundWM With measures projectionsUnits, abbreviations and acronyms8 European Union emission inventory report 1990-2016WaM With additional measures projectionsZn ZincKey category source sector abbreviations1A1a Public electricity and heat production1A1b Petroleum refining1A2a Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction Iron and steel1A2b Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction Non-ferrous metals1A2c Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction Chemicals1A2f Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction Non-metallic minerals1A2gvii Mobile combustion in manufacturing industries and construction1A2gviii Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction Other1A3bi Road transport Passenger cars1A3bii Road transport Light duty vehicles1A3biii Road transport Heavy duty vehicles and buses1A3biv Road transport Mopeds and motorcycles1A3bv Road transport Gasoline evaporation1A3bvi Road transport Automobile tyre and brake wear1A3bvii Road transport Automobile road abrasion1A3c Railways 1A3dii National navigation shipping1A4ai Commercial/institutional Stationary1A4bi Residential Stationary1A4bii Residential Household and gardening mobile1A4ci Agriculture/forestry/fishing Stationary1A4cii Agriculture/forestry/fishing Off-road vehicles and other machinery1B2ai Fugitive emissions oil Exploration, production, transport1B2aiv Fugitive emissions oil Refining/storage1B2av Distribution of oil products2A5a Quarrying and mining of minerals other than coalUnits, abbreviations and acronyms9European Union emission inventory report 1990-20162A5b Construction and demolition2B10a Chemical industry Other2C1 Iron and steel production2C3 Aluminium production2C7a Copper production2D3a Domestic solvent use including fungicides2D3b Road paving with asphalt2D3d Coating applications2D3e Degreasing 2D3g Chemical products2D3h Printing 2D3i Other solvent use2G Other product use2H2 Food and beverages industry2K Consumption of POPs and heavy metals e.g. electrical and scientific equipment2L Other production, consumption, storage, transportation or handling of bulk products3B1a Manure management Dairy cattle3B1b Manure management Non-dairy cattle3B3 Manure management Swine3B4gi Manure management Laying hens3B4gii Manure management Broilers3Da1 Inorganic N-fertilisers includes also urea application3Da2a Animal manure applied to soils3Da3 Urine and dung deposited by grazing animals3Dc Farm-level agricultural operations including storage, handling and transport of agricultural products5C1biii Clinical waste incineration5C1bv Cremation 5C2 Open burning of waste5E Other wasteUnits, abbreviations and acronyms10 European Union emission inventory report 1990-2016Country codesAT AustriaBE BelgiumBG BulgariaCY CyprusCZ Czech RepublicDE GermanyDK DenmarkEE EstoniaES SpainFI FinlandFR FranceGB United KingdomGR GreeceHR CroatiaHU HungaryIE Ireland IT ItalyLT LithuaniaLU LuxembourgLV LatviaMT MaltaNL NetherlandsPL PolandPT PortugalRO RomaniaSE SwedenSI SloveniaSK Slovakia11AcknowledgementsEuropean Union emission inventory report 1990-2016AcknowledgementsThis report was prepared by the European Environment Agency EEA and its European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation ETC/ACM, partner Umweltbundesamt, Austria. The lead author of the report was Melanie Tista. Other authors in alphabetical order were Michael Gager, Simone Haider, Isabella Pucher and Bernhard Ullrich. The EEA project manager was Anke Lkewille. The desk officer at the European Commissions Directorate-General for the Title of report Annual European Union EU LRTAP Convention emission inventory report 1990-2016Contact names Anke Lkewille EEAMelanie Tista ETC/ACMViviane Andr and Zlatko Kregar DG EnvironmentOrganisation EEA European Commission, DG EnvironmentAddress of the EEA Kongens Nytorv 6 1050 Copenhagen K DENMARKEmail Anke.Luekewilleeea.europa.euAddress of the European Commission European CommissionDG Environment, 1049 Brussels, BelgiumEmail Viviane.ANDREec.europa.euZlatko.KREGARec.europa.euEnvironment DG Environment were Viviane Andr, Scott Brockett and Zlatko Kregar. The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical support received from Robert Wankmller ETC/ACM.The EEA acknowledges comments received on the draft report from the Eionet national reference centres of EEA member countries and the European Commission DG Environment.European Union emission inventory report 1990-201612cutive summarycutive summaryThis document is the annual European Union EU emission inventory report under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution LRTAP Convention UNECE, 1979. The report and its accompanying data constitute the official submission by the European Commission on behalf of the EU as a Party to the cutive Secretary of UNECE. The European Environment Agency EEA compiled the report in cooperation with the EU Member States and the European Commission.The LRTAP Convention obliges and invites Parties to report emission data for numerous air pollutants main pollutants Nitrogen oxides NOx, non-methane volatile organic compounds NMVOCs, sulphur oxides SOx, ammonia NH3 and carbon monoxide CO; Particulate matter PM emitted directly into the air primary PM PM with a diameter greater than 2.5 microns PM2.5, also called fine particulate matter; PM with a diameter greater than 10 microns PM10; BC, the most strongly light-absorbing component of PM;total suspended particulates TSPs; priority heavy metals HMs lead Pb, cadmium Cd and mercury Hg; additional HMs arsenic As, chromium Cr, copper Cu, nickel Ni, selenium Se and zinc Zn; persistent organic pollutants POPs polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans PCDD/Fs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs, hexachlorobenzene HCB and polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs; additional reporting of the individual PAHs benzoapyrene BaP, benzobfluoranthene BbF, benzokfluoranthene BkF and indeno1,2,3-cdpyrene IP, and of their sum as the total of all four.Box ES.1 The Gothenburg ProtocolThe Gothenburg Protocol to the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution LRTAP Convention sets emission ceilings. Parties to the convention must reduce their emissions to these levels. These ceilings, for 2010 and after, are for the pollutants nitrogen oxides NOx, non-methane volatile organic compounds NMVOCs, sulphur oxides SOx and ammonia NH3. In addition to the ceilings for individual countries, the protocol also specifies ceilings for the EU, which is a Party to the protocol in its own right UNECE, 1999. The protocol was amended in 2012. The ceilings set for 2010 and years thereafter are still in place, but the amended protocol also specifies new emission reduction commitments in terms of percentage reductions by 2020, relative to base year 2005. Parties are also encouraged to report primary particulate matter PM and black carbon BC emissions, in line with the revised emission-reporting guidelines UNECE, 2014a 1. The EU ratified the amended protocol in 2017.1 The EEA publishes its annual update of the National Emission Ceilings Directive NEC Directive reporting EEA, forthcoming in June 2018. The briefing analyses the 2016 emission data for EU Member States reported under Directi