pSo you want to be a Caspersharding validator.如果你想变 成Casper PoS/分片的验证 者.... nbsp;Step 1 Deposit nbsp; 第一步存款● Send the deposit transaction, with发 送存款交易，包括○ 32 ETH 以太币 ○ Public key 公钥 ○ Withdrawal address 取款地址● Signing key and withdrawal address do not need to be the same签 名的公钥 和取款地址不一定是一样 的● Can delegate signing rights可以让别 人为 你参加共识 机制● Can stake with hot wallet, funds only withdrawable to cold wallet能用热钱 包签 名，取款到冷钱 包 nbsp;Step 2 wait to be inducted第二步等你加入● May take up to 1 day not yet determined可能需要一天（还 不确定） nbsp;Step 3 validate第三步参加验证 机制● Validators have two roles验证节 点有2个作用○ Finalize the main chain 敲定主链 的区块 ○ Verify blocks on shards 验证 分片上的区块 The Casper finality gadget is a process that runs as part of the chain’s consensus and finalizes blocks, giving them additional security.Casper的敲定工具是共识 机制的一部分，用于敲定区块 ，给 区块 更多的安全性The Ethereum sharding proposal involves 100 child chains that are connected to a main “beacon chain”. Accounts and transactions are stored on the child chains.以太坊的分片提案包含～100个子链 ，每个子链 是跟主链连 接的。账户和交易信息都储 存在子链 上。Distribution of responsibilities责 任的分配Main chain 主链 nbsp;Shard chains 子链 Random number generation生成随机数Process transactions处 理交易Keep track of validators保存验证节 点相关信息Store account/contract state存储账户 /合约 的状态 Keep track of shards追踪子链 的区块 Validator assignment 验证节 点分配Every epoch 1 hour, every validator is assigned to a newly selected random shard. For that epoch, the validator verifies and helps to confirm blocks on that shard.每个阶 段（1小时 左右），系统 随机给 各个验证节 点分配一个分片。在此期间 ，该节 点验证 并帮助确认该 分片上的区块 。Suppose a computer can process N transactions. Then the main chain can keep track of N shards, and each shard can process N transactions, so the chain can process N2 transactions total. This is why we call it quadratic sharding.假设 一个节 点能处 理N个交易，那么主链 能追踪N个分片，每个分片都能处 理N个交易，所以系统 一共能处 理N2个交易。因此这个提案叫做二次性分片Cross-links 交联 nbsp;（交叉链 接）A cross-link consists of a set of 100 signatures from validators assigned to a shard that confirms a block in that shard into the main chain. Cross-links are the main of in-protocol cross-shard communication.一个交联 包含约 100个为 一个分片分配的验证节 点的签 名，并在主链 上确认该 分片上的区块 。交联 是跨分片间 互操作性的主要方式Block proposal 提出区块 的机制Validators are also randomly assigned to shards for longer periods of time eg. 4 months to propose blocks.系统 也给验证节 点分配责 任，即在某个分片上生成区块 。这 个时间 更长 。（比如，一个节 点可能用4个月在一个分片上生成区块 ）Validator responsibilities 验证节 点的责 任Validate main chain 验证 主链 Validate 2 shards 验证 2个分片● For block proposal 为 了生成区块 ● For block confirmation/cross-links 为 了确认 区块 /交联 Propose blocks on shards 生成分片区块 Propose blocks on the main chain 生成主链 的区块 Confirm shard blocks and make cross-links 确认 分片区块 并进 行交联 The more ETH you have, the more validator slots you will have, and the more computing power your node will need. This promotes decentralization by making validation more fair to small nodes.你拥 有的以太币 越多，你的验证节 点位置越多，那么需要的算力也越多。这 个机制支持协议 的去中心化，对拥 有较 少以太币 的人会公平一些Rewards and penalties 奖 励和罚 款Validate normally 正常运行（验证 ）● gt;⅔ of other validators validate normally earn interest rate如果至少⅔ 其他的节 点正常运行可以得到利息Go offline 离线 ● gt;⅔ of other validators validate normally small penalties如果至少⅔ 其他的节 点正常运行小的罚 款● Otherwise, large penalties quadratic leak如果很多其他的节 点也离线 ，大的罚 款（二次行泄漏机制）Sign invalid or contradictory messages 签 名有错误 或者跟自己有冲突的信息● Penalty proportional to percentage of other validators that also signed invalid or contradictory messages● 罚 款与其他犯错验证节 点的数量成正比An innocent validator may still get penalized due to errors or getting hacked, but if only they are hacked, then the penalty will be small. An actual attack requires many validators, so penalties will be large.一个无辜的验证节 点可能会因为错误 被罚 款（或者被黑），但是如果他们 被黑，罚 款将不会太多。真正的攻击 需要很多节 点，所以罚 款会很多。The partial slashing mechanism incentivizes validators to set up their security to have failure modes that are maximally discorrelated from everyone else’s failure modes.罚 款机制给 了节 点激励，使其设 置自己的安全保护 机制，尽量不跟其他节 点的安全保护 同时 失败 A not penalized没被罚 款A penalized被罚 款B not penalized没被罚 款0, 0 -12, 0B penalized被罚 款0, -12 -22, -22This means 也就是说 ● Don’t participate in the same staking pool as everyone else 不要加入跟别 人一样 的权 益池● Don’t use the same VPS as everyone else 不要用跟别 人一样 的VPS● Don’t use the same operating system as everyone else 不要使用跟别 人一样 的操作系统 ● Don’t use the sample implementation as everyone else 不要用跟别 人一样 的客户 端 nbsp;Step 5 logout第五步退出● Either your online key or your withdrawal address can trigger the withdraw function你的私钥 和提款地址都能触发 取款过 程● Your validator slot will be deactivated in 7 days 你的验证节点会在7天后关闭 ● Once logged off, you will be able to recover your funds in 4 months.验证节 点关闭 之后，4月后才能提取以太币 Thank you and wish you a happy validating experience谢谢 ，希望大家验证 愉快/p