The People’s Republic of China Initial National Communication on Climate Change    2—   ƒ 2š Ÿ  œ  Q ƒ g V Beijing . 2004 ContentsForeword.....................................................................................................................10Chapter 1 National Circumstances ..........................................................................121.1 Natural conditions and resources..................................................................................121.2 Population and society ....................................................................................................171.3 Economic development...................................................................................................211.4 Brief introduction of the major sectors........................................................................241.5 Strategies and objectives of national development ...................................................291.6 Institutional arrangement for the preparation of Initial National Communication....................................................................................................................................................30Chapter 2 National Greenhouse Gas Inventory......................................................322.1 Scope of the national greenhouse gas inventories.....................................................322.2 s for preparing the greenhouse gas inventories............................................332.3 The 1994 national greenhouse gas inventories ..........................................................362.4 Uncertainties .....................................................................................................................442.5 Main factors affecting future emissions ......................................................................46Chapter 3 Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation.........................................493.1 s and models for the assessment .....................................................................493.2 Characteristics of climate change in China.................................................................493.3 Water resources.................................................................................................................513.4 Agriculture.........................................................................................................................553.5 Terrestrial ecosystem.......................................................................................................573.6 Changes in sea level, coastal zone, and offshore ecosystem...................................613.7 Adaptation measures........................................................................................................663.8 Uncertainties and priorities for further study .............................................................71Chapter 4 Policies and Measures Related to Climate Change Mitigation ...........734.1 Comprehensive policies and measures........................................................................734.2 Energy sector.....................................................................................................................834.3 Energy conservation ........................................................................................................954.4 Industry ............................................................................................................................1024.5 Energy conservation in buildings ...............................................................................1094.6 Communications and transportation .......................................................................... 1114.7 Agriculture.......................................................................................................................1154.8 Forestry ............................................................................................................................1184.9 Municipal waste treatment ...........................................................................................1224.10 International cooperation............................................................................................124Chapter 5 Research and Systematic Observation.................................................12815.1 Present status of the climate system observation ....................................................1285.2 Problems in climate system observation and suggestions for improvement .....1335.3 Past and present research on climate change............................................................1355.4 Major achievements in climate change research .....................................................1365.5 Problems and Directions of climate change researches .........................................137Chapter 6 Education, Training and Public Awareness........................................1396.1 Education and public awareness raising....................................................................1396.2 Training and public awareness raising.......................................................................1416.3 Outlook.............................................................................................................................146Chapter 7 Needs for Funds, Technologies and Capacity Building......................1487.1 Development of national greenhouse gases inventory...........................................1487.2 Mitigation and adaptation.............................................................................................1507.3 Needs for capacity building .........................................................................................1542Index of Figures..........................................................................................................................................Figure 1.1 China’s location in the world .....................................................................12Figure 1.2 The administrative divisions of the People’s Republic of China ...............12Figure 1.3 General situation of China’s topography....................................................14Figure 1.4 China’s land resources in 2000...................................................................14Figure 1.5 China’s river basin system..........................................................................15Figure 1.6 China’s forest resources from year 1994 –2000.........................................16Figure 1.7 Composition of aggregate volume of China’s proven energy resources andremaining exploitable energy resources.......................................................................16Figure 1.8 Change of China’s population from 1970 to 2000 .....................................18Figure 1.9 Changes of China’s growth rate of population during 1970-2000.............18Figure 1.10 Comparison of population growth and life spans between China and the world in 1994 ...............................................................................................................19Figure 1.11 Trend of change on China’s poverty-stricken population ........................21Figure 1.12 China’s economic structure ......................................................................22Figure 1.13 Comparison of per capita energy consumption between China and the world ............................................................................................................................23Figure 1.14 China’s total passenger-kilometers from 1994 to 2000............................27Figure 1.15 China’s total freight ton-kilometers of major s of transport from 1994 to 2000 .........................................................................................................................27Figure 2.1 Breakdown of China’s Greenhouse gas emissions in 1994........................37Figure 2.2 Carbon dioxide emissions by sources from the energy sector in China in 1994..............................................................................................................................38Figure 2.3 Carbon dioxide emissions by sources from industrial processes in China in 1994..............................................................................................................................39Figure 2.4 Methane emissions by sources in China in 1994........................................41Figure 3.1 Trends of the changes of average temperature in winter from 1952 to 2003 in China........................................................................................................................50Figure 3.2 Shortage in supplying drinking water to residents caused by drought in North China..................................................................................................................52Figure 3.3 Inundation of vast rural areas caused by the flooding in Weihe river in China in 2003...............................................................................................................53Figure 3.4 Change of Glacier No. I at the source of the Urumqi River in Tianshan...533Figure 3.5 Changes of the average runoff depth under SRES A2 and B2 scenarios relative to baseline .......................................................................................................54Figure 3.6 Distribution of vulnerable areas regarding per capita water resources in China in 2075...............................................................................................................55Figure 3.7 Distribution of the vulnerable ecosystem in China ....................................58Figure 3.8 Interrelationships between the terrestrial ecosystem productivity, soil heterotrophic respiration and climate change in China................................................59Figure 3.9 The possible submerged area by sea water under the scenario of sea level rise of 30 cm on the condition of the present tide-protecting facilities and the highest historic tidal level in the Pearl River Delta..................................................................63Figure 3.10 Wetlands at the Yellow River Mouth.......................................................64Figure 3.11 Coral bleaching in Weizhou Island in Guangxi, China............................65Figure 3.12 Coral bleaching in Qingge, Qionghai, Hainan, China..............................65Figure 3.13 Mangrove in Guangxi, China. ..................................................................65Figure 4.1 Wind farm in Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region ................................87Figure 4.2 Fuel saving stove promoted in China’s rural areas ....................................91Figure 4.3 Solar water-heating system for building in Kunming city, Yunnan Province......................................................................................................................................92Figure 4.4 Trend of China’s energy consumption intensity of GDP ...........................98Figure 4.5 Continuous casting ratio of steel-making in iron and steel industry and changes of energy consumption per ton steel 1991 2000....................................106Figure 4.6 Natural gas-fuelled public buses in Beijing..............................................115Figure 4.7 People converting farmland into grassland in the Western Region of China....................................................................................................................................117Figure 4.8 The “four in one” eco-agricultural model in Northern China ..................118Figure 5.1 Distribution of some atmospheric baseline stations .................................129Figure 5.2 Distribution of the ecological stations in China’s Ecosystem Research Network......................................................................................................................131Figure 5.3 Roles of China’s meteorological satellites in the global climate observation system ........................................................................................................................132Figure 6.1 Homepage of China Climate Change Info-Net ........................................142Figure 6.2 Workshop on Climate Change and Ecological Environment...................143Figure 6.3 International Symposium on Climate Change..........................................144Figure 6.4 Booklet for Public Awareness on Global Climate Change ......................1444Figure 6.5 Works of advertisement design competitionon climate change for public welfare........................................................................................................................1455Index of TableTable 1-1 International comparison of China’s population growth in 2000 ........19Table 1-2 Change of employment structure of China’s labor force from 1994 to 2000..............................................................................................................................19Table 1-3 Comparison of medical infrastructure facilities between China and high-income countries in 2000 ..................................................................................20Table 1-4 Comparison of China’s per capita output of major products withworld average level ....................................................................................................21Table 1-5 Sectors contributing to the added value of China’s tertiary industry .22Table 1-6 Changes of development gaps between the east, the middle and the west region of China ..................................................................................................23Table 1-7 Ratio changes in primary and medium products and industrial finished products in China’s import and export products.....................................24Table 1- 8 The structure of China’s consumption of primary energy ..................24Table 1-9 Major indicators of China’s energy consumption in 1994 and 2000 ...25Table 1-10 China’s major transportation means....................................................26Table 1-11 Total passenger traffic TPR change in China ...................................26Table 1-12 Total freight traffic change in China ....................................................27Table 1-13 Consumption of chemical fertilizers on farmlands in China..............28Table 1-14 Number of major livestock on hand in China......................................29Table 1-15 Summary of China’s National Circumstances in 1994........................31Table 2-1 1994 national greenhouse gas inventory of China Gigagram ............36Table 2-2 1994 greenhouse gas emissions in CO2 equivalent ................................37Table 2-3 Carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes in China in 199438Table 2-4 1994 gree